The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), State-owned power utility Eskom, the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) and the Coaltech Research Association have formally initiated Phase 1 of the High Efficiency Low Emission (HELE) Circulating Fluidised Bed (CFB) Clean Coal Technology Localisation Programme. This collaborative initiative supports the direction set out in South Africa’s Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) 2025, which outlines the country’s approach to securing energy supply, improving the performance of the national electricity system and modernising the generating fleet.